Indian troops crossed into Pakistani-controlled Kashmir to kill suspected militants. The move comes as tensions between India and Pakistan over Kashmir continue to escalate after the killing of a Pakistani militant last July. There has been a cease-fire in place since 2003 between India and Pakistan which seems to be slowly disintegrating. The two countries have fought three major wars over Kashmir since the division of the British colony of India into India and Pakistan in 1947. Kashmir is populated primarily by Muslims but parts of Kashmir are controlled by India which has been experiencing a resurgence of Hindu nationalism since the election of Narendra Modi in 2014.
It appears as if the planet has passed a very significant climate milestone: it seems likely that the atmosphere will experience carbon dioxide concentrations of at least 400 parts per million permanently. The rise assures that climate change will occur and that it is almost exclusively related to human activity: “the atmosphere has warmed the world about 1.8°F since the start of the industrial revolution.”
The Economist‘s most recent issue includes articles on globalization and reflect the magazine’s strong commitment to liberal economics. One article in particular is a very thoughtful analysis of the recent development of populist politics which seriously question the virtues of free trade, free capital flows, and the free flow of labor through migration. The article acknowledges the potency of these questions but still comes down hard in favor of market capitalism.
The US Army operates the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School at Fort Bragg, NC which publishes a journal called Special Warfare. The October 2015 issue ran an article by Capt. Philip Kapusta entitled “The Gray Zone”. The article discusses the intrinsic difficulties of conflict situations which “fall between the traditional war and peace duality, are characterized by ambiguity about the nature of the conflict, opacity of the parties involved, or uncertainty about the relevant policy and legal frameworks.” (p. 20) These conflicts, which fall short of the formal definition of war, seem to be the more likely context for interactions among both states and non-state actors.
The Senate has voted 97-1 to override Obama’s veto of the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act and the House followed with a 348-77 vote. The bill paves the way for American citizens to sue the Government of Saudi Arabia for damages suffered during the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. The bill waives the sovereign immunity of Saudi Arabia in US courts for these damages. Now we will wait to see if other governments pass similar legislation to waive the sovereign immunity of the US government for their citizens for damages they may have suffered in events such as drone attacks.
A Dutch-led criminal investigation into the 2014 downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 has found that the missile that brought down the civilian airplane in Ukraine was fired by either Russian or Russian-supported rebels in Ukraine. According to Reuters:
“….the plane was hit by a Russian-made Buk-9M38 missile; the missile was fired from the rebel-held village of Pervomaysk in eastern Ukraine; and the launcher was transported into Ukraine from Russia.”
For about a year, Saudi Arabia has been waging a relentless economic war against Iran by refusing to cut its oil production and thereby forcing oil prices to fall significantly. The economic war is simply Saudi Arabia’s response to the growing influence of Iran in Middle Eastern affairs. But the war also imposes heavy costs on Saudi Arabia. Long known for its generosity toward those who work for the Saudi Government, Saudi Arabia has been forced to do an about face and has reduced government salaries by 20%. The Saudi game may be becoming too risky to pursue.
Nigeria has been wracked by the terror activities of Boko Haram in the northeastern corner of the country, as the group tries to impose its own version of Islam on the population. Nigeria has also experienced a sharp upswing in violent acts by the population in the southern delta region, as that population has become more demanding for a fairer share of the country’s oil revenues. A third zone of conflict has recently developed as a nomadic people known as the Fulani have been forced out of their traditional habitats by the violence perpetrated by Boko Haram. Nigeria does not seem to be able to stabilize its diverse and dynamic populations.
A highly simplified ethnic map of Nigeria
The International Monetary Fund under the leadership of Christine Lagarde has gone through a very interesting transformation. Ordinarily, the IMF has always been viewed as an unabashed supporter of neoliberal economic policies. But the IMF has begun to publish studies which seem highly critical of the support of harsh economic policies. The most recent publication of the IMF on trade suggests that some of the staff at the IMF have a very critical view of the benefits of free trade.
There is a quiet crisis occurring in the global economy. Deutsche Bank is one of the world’s most important banks in the world, but over the last few months its stock price has been declining because investors are concerned that the bank does not have sufficient capital to cover its obligations. Over the weekend, German Chancellor Merkel announced that no German government money could be used to bail out the bank. Today, Deutsche Bank’s stock price essentially tanked. The sharp decline is reminiscent of the decline in the stock price of Lehman Brothers (a major US investment bank) prior to its dissolution in 2008 and the onset of the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. We should keep our eyes on the stock prices of banks in Germany (and Italy).
We have discussed the rise of right-wing politics in many places in the world, but no where is the rise more apparent than in Europe. Insecurity has increased dramatically among most populations in Europe and are associated with the economic turmoil of the Great Recession and the perceived threats from terrorists and immigrants. The Guardian is a reliably left-wing newspaper in Great Britain and it has published an editorial on the threat of populist politics in France.
Avoiding climate change is the most urgent security issue facing humanity, but we seem to be unwilling to take the issue seriously. Many countries have announced specific initiatives to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, but as of now those measures seem inadequate. Moreover, it has grown increasingly clear that very few countries have a clear idea of their contributions to the problem. It also seems clear that we have seriously underestimated the role of gases like methane to the crisis facing the species.
In unusually blunt language, the UK and US Ambassadors to the UN Security Council accused Russia of committing war crimes in Syria. The charges are quite obviously serious and not to be made lightly, but it appears as if the US and Great Britain have decided that there is nothing to be gained by working with Russia for a cease-fire in Syria. Non-governmental groups have made similar charges, but those lack the gravity of an official government censure. Russia denied the charges, and nothing will come of them now. But it seems as if the West is preparing for a different game once Russia succeeds in restoring Syrian President Assad to power.
The Republika Srpska is a curious artifact of the difficulties of mapping nations onto states. When Yugoslavia disintegrated in 1992, there was an extraordinary outburst of violence as new states emerged from the shell of the old Yugoslavia. The three most prominent new states were Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia. But within the new state of Bosnia, there was a northern enclave of Serbs that declared themselves independent rather than be integrated into the Muslim dominated Bosnia. The world tolerated the emergence of the Republika Srpska (Serb Republic) in order to avoid further bloodshed, and those Serbs would love to be united with the state of Serbia. They are currently agitating to establish their independence from Bosnia and there is a danger that more ethnic violence could emerge as it did in the 1990s.
There are about 10,000 people living in an informal refugee camp in Calais, France. The refugees are from all over the world and are camped out hoping for an opportunity to catch a ride through the Chunnel to Great Britain. The risks are great for the refugees but Great Britain remains the place with the greatest opportunities for displaced people. The camp, however, is a dangerous place and French authorities have vowed to remove all the people there within weeks. There are about 1,000 unaccompanied children in the camp and no one knows what will happen to them.
Refugee Camp, Calais
Ireland has some of the most restrictive abortion laws in Europe, but thousands have protested in the country for a repeal of the laws–most notably the 1983 amendment to the Constitution giving the fetus equal rights to the mother. In Poland, on the other hand, thousands have marched to make the country’s restrictive abortion laws even more restrictive, banning the procedure even to save the life of the mother. The degree to which human rights are contested in the world is truly remarkable.
Protests at South African universities have been ongoing for over a year. The protests are targeting dramatic increases in university fees, but they also represent a growing sense within South African young people that the university system is not serving their interests well. In many respects, the university system reflects the inequities within South Africa as a whole and it seems clear that South African leaders are profoundly out of touch with their young people.
Venezuela continues to disintegrate. Protests against the President, Maduro, have failed to remove him from office and the delay likely means that a referendum on his presidency cannot be held until 2017. The practical consequence of the delay means that if he is removed in 2017, his Vice-President will replace him. If he were removed in 2016, then a new election would have to be held. It now appears as if the Socialist Party will remain in control of the government until 2018 and it is not clear that the Venezuelan economy and people can endure two more years of misrule.
The Washington Post has a fascinating article on the profiles of individuals who have committed mass murders in the US, including those acts associated with religion and those not associated with religion. Interestingly, the common traits of these individuals seem to overwhelm the issue of religiosity. The issue is important as society wrestles with the phenomenon of “lone wolf” terrorists. According to the article:
“According to the New America Foundation, jihadist-linked attacks in the United States since 9/11 have killed 94 people — and more than half of those were slain by Mateen [the murderer in the Orlando killings]. Such incidents, though more frequent in recent years, still account for a tiny fraction of the more than 200,000 homicides in the United States since 2001. Meanwhile, this year alone, non-jihadist incidents of mass shootings have killed nearly 100 people.”
If we are to anticipate such attacks in the future, we need to look far beyond the issue of religious affiliation or motivation.
President Obama has vetoed the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act which was passed by both houses of the US Congress by large margins. The legislation would allow American families to sue the Saudi Arabian government for damages incurred in the attacks of 11 September 2001. In more theoretical terms, the law would remove the immunity of sovereign governments in US courts. It is highly likely that if the US were to make this possible, then other governments would pass similar laws allowing their citizens to sue the US government. Needless to say, national courts are not unbiased venues for international disputes.
New calculations indicate that the world already has access to reserves of oil, natural gas, and coal that are sufficient, if burned, to raise global temperatures by 2 °C, a level believed by many scientists to unleash significant, and possibly unmangaeable, changes to the climate. According to the study:
“Scientists say that to have even a two-thirds chance of staying below a global increase of two degrees Celsius, we can release 800 gigatons more CO2 into the atmosphere. But the Rystad data shows coal mines and oil and gas wells currently in operation worldwide contain 942 gigatons worth of CO2.”
The research is significant because it suggests that additional exploration for hydrocarbon reserves is counterproductive and dangerous. But significant parts of the global economy are absolutely dedicated to additional explorations. There is a clear disconnect between economic and environmental rational behavior.
Many countries have bad feelings about their neighbors, but there are not many that can match the hostility of Japan and China. The hostility is built upon centuries of ill-fated relations, capped off by a particularly brutal period from 1931-45. The Pew Research Center has conducted a poll among citizens of both countries and the mistrust is profound:
“Today, only 11% of the Japanese express a favorable opinion of China, while 14% of the Chinese say they have a positive view of Japan. In both countries positive views of the other nation have decreased since 2006.”
One remarkable feature of the poll is the degree to which both countries hold degrading stereotypes of each other.
There is a fascinating struggle going on in Switzerland. Many Swiss schools have a tradition of students shaking the hand of their teachers but two male Muslim students have refused to shake the hand of their female teacher because their interpretation of Islam forbids people of opposite sexes touching each other. The dispute revolves around the degree to specific cultural norms can override personal beliefs, and the degree to which a dominant culture can demand conformity from minority groups.
Yesterday, US President Obama gave his last speech as President to the UN General Assembly. For the purposes of the current course on World Politics, there is perhaps no better summary of the US vision of its preferred wold order. The most relevant part reads as follows:
I recognize not every country in this hall is going to follow the same model of governance. I do not think that America can — or should — impose our system of government on other countries. But there appears to be growing contest between authoritarianism and liberalism right now. And I want everybody to understand, I am not neutral in that contest. I believe in a liberal political order — an order built not just through elections and representative government, but also through respect for human rights and civil society, and independent judiciaries and the rule of law.
We will be discussing the liberal world order in the coming weeks and it would be useful for everyone to keep these words in mind.
Refugees have never been treated well, so we should not be surprised at how politically controversial they are in the contemporary scene. In the 14th-16th centuries England was flooded with refugees. The political backlash against them reached a high point on 1 May 1517 when a mob attacked the refugees living in London, a day that would come to known as “Evil May Day.” Thomas More, the then deputy sheriff, confronted the mob and William Shakespeare recounted More’s speech. Ian McKellan does a brilliant job of interpreting Shakespeare’s words.
The Book of Sir Thomas More, Act 2, Scene 4
Grant them removed, and grant that this your noise
Hath chid down all the majesty of England;
Imagine that you see the wretched strangers,
Their babies at their backs and their poor luggage,
Plodding to the ports and coasts for transportation,
And that you sit as kings in your desires,
Authority quite silent by your brawl,
And you in ruff of your opinions clothed;
What had you got? I’ll tell you: you had taught
How insolence and strong hand should prevail,
How order should be quelled; and by this pattern
Not one of you should live an aged man,
For other ruffians, as their fancies wrought,
With self same hand, self reasons, and self right,
Would shark on you, and men like ravenous fishes
Would feed on one another…. Say now the king Should so much come too short of your great trespass As but to banish you, whither would you go? What country, by the nature of your error, Should give you harbour? go you to France or Flanders, To any German province, to Spain or Portugal, Nay, any where that not adheres to England, Why, you must needs be strangers: would you be pleased To find a nation of such barbarous temper, That, breaking out in hideous violence, Would not afford you an abode on earth, Whet their detested knives against your throats, Spurn you like dogs, and like as if that God Owed not nor made not you, nor that the claimants Were not all appropriate to your comforts, But chartered unto them, what would you think To be thus used? this is the strangers case; And this your mountainish inhumanity.
The US is considering arming Syrian Kurds directly to aid them in their fight to push Daesh (the Islamic State) out of the Syrian city of Raqqa. Such a move would be considered an unfriendly act by Turkey which has moved its own troops into Syria specifically to prevent the Kurds from succeeding. But the Kurds are a more effective fighting force than the Turks and the US considers them more reliable. This decision will reveal a great deal about how the Obama Administration views the best outcome for the US in the Middle East.
Air strikes destroyed a convoy of 31 trucks carrying humanitarian supplies to besieged civilians in Syria. The trucks were clearly identified as part of a Red Crescent operation and officials in Syria had been notified earlier about the convoy in hopes of offering a degree of immunity that is obligatory to any humanitarian mission. There were no details about which side conducted the attack, but there is little question that the attack was a horrific war crime. At some point we have to hope that the international community will take strong action to punish the perpetrators of this atrocity.
North Korea has successfully tested a high-powered rocket engine for the expressed purpose of launching a geo-stationary orbit. A problem arises because this capability also gives North Korea to launch an intercontinental ballistic missile which could threaten any country in the world. Given the increased capabilities of North Korea, there is a high likelihood that some states will think more systematically about ways to prevent North Korea from becoming a serious threat to international peace. Some of those alternatives may include actions to forcibly disarm North Korea.
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