Europe is suffering through its second heat wave of the summer and all-time record high temperatures are being broken in a number of cities. There are also wildfires in Spain and Portugal as temperatures hover around 40 degrees C (104 F). European societies have not invested in air conditioning that the extent that the US has. But there is evidence that the high temperatures are related to climate change, and, if true, then that pattern will likely change. Robinson Meyer, writing in the Atlantic, assesses the recent study that indicates that the high temperatures being experienced globally are not part of a “natural” cycle:
” Absolutely nothing resembling modern-day global warming has happened on Earth for at least the past 2,000 years, a new study published today in Nature confirms. Since the birth of Jesus Christ, the climate has sometimes naturally changed—some parts of the world have briefly cooled, and some have briefly warmed—but it has never changed as it’s changing now. Never once until the Industrial Revolution did temperatures surge in the same direction everywhere at the same time. They’re doing so now, the study finds.”
The planet has cooled and warmed periodically over the last 2000 years and that pattern is used by many climate change deniers to suggest that the recent warming pattern is normal. But the recent warming is far out of line with historical patterns.
“‘I think today’s launches are part of a larger plan for North Korea’s advanced missile programme, rather than its protest against the upcoming military drill,’ said Hong Min, a senior researcher at the South’s state-run Korea Institute for National Unification.
“’The North has declared in the past it would modernise and improve its defence system…. The launches today are part of that development plan and I think the North had already planned the launches in advance’, he added.
“Adam Mount, of the Federation of American Scientists, said the latest launch was a clear indication that ‘North Korea’s nuclear and missile arsenals are now routinely being improved, displayed, and tested.’
“’The current bargain is: don’t test nuclear warheads or long range missiles and the United States won’t object or seriously try to stop it,’ Mount tweeted.”
President Trump’s willingness to not make a major issue about these tests is probably not the best course of action. Leader Kim is clearly testing the credibility of the US. If there is no meaningful response to these tests from the US, then Kim will feel obliged to raise the pressure more. If the US finally does decide to respond, the price for responding will be much higher.
The British Conservative Party has selected Boris Johnson to be the next Prime Minister. Johnson has pushed the British exit from the European Union (“Brexit”) very hard and has promised to bring about that action by 29 October 2019. The decision was one favored by US President Trump, and many have compared the two politicians. I think that the comparison is superficially valid–Business Insider has a long list of controversial comments–but I also suspect that Trump and Johnson will find it difficult to work together.
Johnson will be in the middle of the US-Iranian dispute since the Iranian seized the British oil tanker, the Stena Impero. That seizure has been highlighted by the US government as evidence of the aggressiveness of the Iranian government. But the media has not emphasized that the seizure of the British oil tanker was in retaliation for the earlier British seizure off the coast of Gibraltar of a Panamanian-flagged oil tanker called the Grace I which was delivering oil to Syria. That seizure was justified because the EU has imposed an embargo on trade with Syria.
But that embargo only applies to EU countries, not to ships flying a non-EU flag. And we now know that the US had been following the Grace I ever since it sailed out of an Iranian port and that it was the US that told the British–but not Spain which also controls the waters off Gibraltar–that the ship was violating the EU embargo. The selective disclosure of relevant information was intended to make sure that the British, and not the Spanish, were involved in the dispute. The US National Security Adviser, John Bolton, tweeted this after the seizure of the Grace I: “Excellent news: UK has detained the supertanker Grace I laden with Iranian oil bound for Syria in violation of EU sanctions.”
“Bolton’s delighted reaction suggested the seizure was a surprise. But accumulating evidence suggests the opposite is true, and that Bolton’s national security team was directly involved in manufacturing the Gibraltar incident. The suspicion is that Conservative politicians, distracted by picking a new prime minister, jockeying for power, and preoccupied with Brexit, stumbled into an American trap.”
Tisdale goes further:
“In short, it seems, Britain was set up.
“The consequences of the Gibraltar affair are only now becoming clear. The seizure of Grace I led directly to Friday’s capture by Iran’s Revolutionary Guards of a British tanker, the Stena Impero, in the Strait of Hormuz. Although it has not made an explicit link, Iran had previously vowed to retaliate for Britain’s Gibraltar “piracy”. Now it has its revenge.
“As a result, Britain has been plunged into the middle of an international crisis it is ill-prepared to deal with. The timing could hardly be worse. An untested prime minister, presumably Boris Johnson, will enter Downing Street this week. Britain is on the brink of a disorderly exit from the EU, alienating its closest European partners. And its relationship with Trump’s America is uniquely strained.
“Much of this angst could have been avoided. Britain opposed Trump’s decision to quit the 2015 nuclear deal with Iran, the trigger for today’s crisis. It has watched with alarm as the Trump-Bolton policy of ‘maximum pressure’, involving punitive sanctions and an oil embargo, has radicalised the most moderate Iranians.
“Yet even as Britain backed EU attempts to rescue the nuclear deal, Theresa May and Jeremy Hunt, foreign secretary, tried to have it both ways – to keep Trump sweet. They publicly supported Washington’s complaints about Iran’s ‘destabilising’ regional activities and missile programme, and berated Iran when it bypassed agreed nuclear curbs.
If push comes to shove between the US and Iran, it will be interesting to see whether Johnson decides to support the US militarily or whether he decides to support the EU efforts to preserve the JCPOA. I suspect that the US will be the first place a new Prime Minister Johnson will visit.
There are some things said in world politics that I find mind-boggling. Yesterday, in a press conference before his meeting with Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan, US President Trump made this comment about the US strategy in Afghanistan where the US has been intervening militarily since 2001:
“I think Pakistan is going to help us out to extricate ourselves. We’re like policemen. We’re not fighting the war. If we wanted to fight a war in Afghanistan and win it, I could win that war in a week. I just don’t want to kill 10 million people. Does that make sense to you? I don’t want to kill 10 million people.
“I have plans on Afghanistan that, if I wanted to win that war, Afghanistan would be wiped off the face of the Earth. It would be gone. It would be over in — literally, in 10 days. And I don’t want to do — I don’t want to go that route.”
The idea that winning a war could include wiping the defended country off the “face of the Earth” is both bizarre and criminal. But there was another exchange in that press conference which was also stunning:
“PRESIDENT TRUMP: So I was with — I was with Prime Minister Modi two weeks ago, and we talked about this subject. And he actually said, “Would you like to be a mediator or arbitrator?” I said, “Where?” He said, “Kashmir.” Because this has been going on for many, many years. I was surprised at how long; it’s been going on a long —
“PRIME MINISTER KHAN: Seventy years.
“PRESIDENT TRUMP: And I think they’d like to see it resolved. And I think you’d like to see it resolved. And if I can help, I would love to be a mediator. It shouldn’t be — I mean, it’s impossible to believe two incredible countries that are very, very smart, with very smart leadership, can’t solve a problem like that. But if you want me to mediate or arbitrate, I would be willing to do that.”
The Pakistanis might be willing to accept US mediation over Kashmir, but India would (and did) reject the idea out of hand. The Council on Foreign Relations issued a brief analysis which pointed out that the idea was fanciful: ” Not surprisingly, the Indian government responded promptly with a blunt repudiation of this claim. The official spokesperson of India’s Ministry of External Affairs tweeted: ‘No such request has been made by PM @narendramodi to US President [sic]. It has been India’s consistent position that all outstanding issues with Pakistan are discussed only bilaterally. Any engagement with Pakistan would require an end to cross border terrorism…’”
South Korea fighter planes fired on Russia planes that South Korea said violated its air defense identification zone (ADIZ). There were actually two incursions, one just by Russian planes and another with both Russian and Chinese planes. An air defense identification zone is not something that is defined in international law and it has no legal basis in international law. But it is a zone that some states use to identify airplanes that fly within 200 miles of national territory. The US and Canada have such zones as do the Chinese. The Russians, however, do not acknowledge these zones.
The exchange of fire was intense, a very unusual response, with the South Koreans firing 360 rounds toward the Russian planes. The fact that the South Koreans were willing to specify the number of rounds indicates that they were very serious about the incursion.
The flights were also controversial because they overflew disputed territory, islands claimed by both Korea and Japan. Korea calls them the Dokdo Islands and the Japanese call them the Takeshima Islands (they are also know as Liancourt Rocks, named by French whalers in 1849). The incident is thus a test of strength involving the South Koreans, the Russians, the Chinese, and the Japanese. The possibilities for misunderstanding and cross-purposes were thus quite large and dangerous.
On Saturday there was a large protest in Moscow of people demanding free elections. It was the culmination of a week of smaller protests that were tolerated by the authorities. The citizens were protesting a decision by the election commission that took candidates names off the election list for the Moscow City Council. USA Today quotes some of the participants in the protests:
“One of the barred candidates, Dmitry Gudkov, told the crowd: ‘Your couch is your grave.’
“’It’s really a protest against Putin,’ Abbas Gallyamov, a former Kremlin speechwriter turned political analyst, told Moscow Times. ‘These elections have clearly become a way of expressing a much deeper frustration and demand for political representation.’”
“The Russian economy is at a standstill. From 2014 to 2018, GDP grew by just 1.85% – or 0.4%, on average, each year. (The Kremlin forced the Federal State Statistics Service to revise upward the figures for 2016 and 2017.) During the same period, real disposable incomes shrank by 10.7%, leaving 13% of all Russians living in poverty. In 2018 alone, 600,000 Russian companies shuttered their operations.
“To some extent, these developments are not surprising, given the sanctions imposed on Russia by Western countries after Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014. Those sanctions contributed to massive capital flight – in excess of $317 billion – in 2014-2018, as well as a drop in investment. In the first nine months of 2018, the volume of foreign direct investment in the Russian economy was 11 times lower than during the same period in 2017.”
The protests in Hong Kong took a nasty turn as counterprotesters, suspected agents of the Chinese government, started beating up those demanding changes by the Hong Kong government. An expert in triad societies at the City University of Hong Kong, Professor T Wing Lo said that
“…although legally it couldn’t be proven the men in white shirts were triads, ‘the fight last night was mobilised by a triad group, most probably Wo Sing Wo.
“Triad groups, which can’t cross into each other’s territories, are strong in the Yuen Long area of the New Territories, he said.
“He said of the 200-300 men in white shirts at Yuen Long massing outside the train station and beating people it was likely “half were triad and half were villagers paid by someone”.
“He said such village men were typically paid $HK500 ($90) a night and more if they were injured in incidents.
“‘Beijing officially claims some triad leaders are patriotic and help maintain social order in Hong Kong… [through] United Front the CCP try to co-opt a lot of people including triad leaders. The triad leaders get a lot of money from the CCP through middle men.'”
The Hong Kong police allegedly did not try to stop the violence and that failure is feeding into stronger discontent with the Hong Kong government. But according to the Washington Post: “President Trump said Monday he believes that Chinese President Xi Jinping has reacted responsibly toward the Hong Kong protests.”
The US State Department has launched a new initiative on religious freedom and persecution. It appears to be a part of a larger initiative on human rights which US Secretary of State Pompeo called the Commission on Unalienable Rights. It’s objective, according to Pompeo is to “provide the intellectual grist of what I hope will be one of the most profound re-examinations of inalienable rights in the world since the 1948 Universal Declaration.” The Commission is headed by Mary Ann Glendon, a Harvard Law School professor, who, at the 1995 U.N. World Conference on Women in Beijing, succeeded in preventing abortion to be listed as a human right.
But there appears to be a fundamental lack of knowledge about these issues in the Trump Administration. US President Trump hosted some victims of religious persecution at the White House and the conversations were astonishing. Zeeshan Aleem recounts some of the conversations for Vox:
” Mohib Ullah, a Rohingya man who had escaped violence in Myanmar, explained that he was staying in a refugee camp in neighboring Bangladesh and asked the president what his plans are to help his beleaguered people. Trump replied by asking, “And where is that, exactly? Where?”
“It was unclear if Trump was referring to the country that Ullah had fled or was staying in, but Ullah repeated that he was staying in Bangladesh, and Sam Brownback, the US ambassador-at-large for international religious freedom, attempted to intervene by explaining that Bangladesh is ‘next to Burma [an older term for Myanmar]’ and that ‘the Rohingya have been run out.’
“The president replied, ‘Thank you, appreciate it,’ and moved on without ever answering Ullah’s question….
“Trump also seemed almost entirely unacquainted with the oppression of Uighurs, China’s predominantly Muslim minority.
‘When Jewher Ilham, a Uighur woman, said that millions of her people have been locked up in ‘concentration camps’ and that she hadn’t seen her detained father since 2013, Trump again replied as if he was hearing about the crisis for the first time.
“’Where is that? Where is that in China?’ he asked….
“The president also had an awkward exchange with Nadia Murad, a Yazidi refugee from Iraq who escaped captivity by ISIS. Trump again did not appear to pay close attention to her testimony, asking Murad where her family members were right after she’d told the president they had been killed.”
It is difficult to see how anything substantive can come out of a Commission that lacks informed leadership.
Umair Irfan, Eliza Barclay, and Kavya Sukumar have written an article for Vox which highlights the changes in temperatures for various cities in the US by 2050. The graphics in the article are interactive and the site takes a reader’s location and gives data for the nearest large city. In my case, the estimates were for Springfield, MA. According to the data, the summer highs for Springfield will rise by 5.2 degrees F and the winter average will rise by 5.1 degrees F, from an average of 20.3 degrees F to 25.4 degrees F. I likely will not be around to verify the forecasts (I would be 101 years old in 2050).
Iran has seized a British oil tanker in the Strait of Hormuz. It had threatened to do so after Great Britain seized an Iranian oil tanker off Gibraltar which it accused of smuggling oil to Syria. Iran also released another British oil tanker which it claimed had requested assistance. The moves represent a significant escalation of tension and Britain is currently considering its options. But it is unlikely that Britain will take any action without strong support from the US. US President Trump answered a question about the seizures before he departed for his country club in New Jersey:
“Q Mr. President, Iran seized at least one oil tanker today with British oil. What is your reaction? Have they crossed the line? You said that would be a foolish thing to do.
“THE PRESIDENT: Well, as you know, we have a very close alliance with the UK, and we always have. We heard that. The United States has very few tankers going in because we’re using our own energy now. We’ve made a lot of progress over the last two and half years. So we don’t have very many tankers going in, but we have a lot of ships there that are war ships. And we’ll talk to the UK. And we have no written agreement, but we have an agreement. They’ve been a very great ally of ours.
“So, we heard about it. We heard it was one; we heard it was two. And we’ll be working with the UK. They’ll have a new Prime Minister soon, which is a good thing. And we’ll be working with the UK. But we have no written agreement, but I think we have an agreement which is longstanding.”
The statement is curious. First, because he indicated that the US has no direct interest in keeping the Strait of Hormuz open: “… we don’t have very many tankers going in, but we have a lot of ships there that are war ships.” That statement is a far cry from the doctrine articulated by US President Jimmy Carter in 1979 as described in the Washington Monthly:
“Carter asserted that any nation trying to control the Persian Gulf or restrict the free-flow of oil through the Straits of Hormuz was acting against America’s ‘vital interests.’ Carter articulated this message near the end of his presidency and at a time when revolutionary Iran held the United States hostage and the Soviets militarily occupied Afghanistan.
“The message to Iran and the USSR was clear: Make a move on the neighborhood, mess with shipping, slow the flow of oil and risk going to war with the United States.”
It may be the case that the Carter Doctrine should definitely be scrapped, but changing the defined national interests of the state on the fly is not conducive to predictable foreign policy. I suspect that the Israelis and Saudis are wondering what the President’s statement implies.
Second, the cavalier reference to Great Britain, one of the US’s strongest allies–“we have no written agreement”–is astonishing, and even more so because it was referenced to an anticipated change of government in Great Britain. Commitments are made to states, not governments. President Trump may be unpleasantly surprised if Boris Johnson becomes Prime Minister (Mr. Trump’s preference) and requests a strong military commitment from the US. But I suspect that the British are trying to figure out whether the US will stand by their interests.
We will get a better read on US intentions early next week. Iran’s actions may trigger financial responses in the oil markets if people think that conflict in the Strait is likely. If that occurs, then stock markets will respond accordingly and we will see how Mr. Trump assesses that response to his political future.
The US and Iran continue to exchange low-level attacks in the Strait of Hormuz. Iran seized a small oil tanker that was smuggling fuel out of Iran, a profitable criminal enterprise since Iran heavily subsidizes fuel prices. The seizure, however, emphasized how vulnerable passage through the Strait can be. And the US claims to have shot down an unmanned drone which had come too close to a US warship in the Strait. It remains unclear what the US strategy in the Strait may be, whether it is content to simply provide safe passage for oil tankers or whether it wishes to test Iranian naval capabilities. The US announced that it is sending an additional 500 troops to a base in Saudi Arabia. Steven Simonand Jonathan Stevenson have written an analysis for the New York Review of Books entitled “Iran: The Case Against War”. It is a wide-ranging review of the options available to the US and it concludes that a war would be disastrous:
“The administration appears to be dusting off the tanker war concept and pressuring European allies to join the US Navy in protecting oil tankers from attack, though maritime operations would fall short of close individual escorts. If the administration were to take a harder look at the tanker war, it might observe that Iran, while still vastly weaker than the United States, is in a better position to resist now than it was thirty years ago, when it had been drained by the long war of attrition with Iraq. Although economically anemic today, it is not bankrupt. And thanks to the Trump administration’s abrupt withdrawal from the JCPOA and its humiliations of European allies, Tehran is less isolated diplomatically. Furthermore, it possesses old-style asymmetric means of response, such as terrorism, and new ones, including cyber capabilities and missiles.4 A tit-for-tat exchange of attacks and counterattacks could widen and intensify the conflict. Iran, for example, could retaliate against US partners in the Gulf. For the US, the escalation could ultimately reach so-called Iranian ‘leadership targets.’”
The essay is worth a very close read. It is thoughtful and well-evidenced. As tensions may continue to rise in the Strait of Hormuz, we would all be well-advised to know as much as possible about various conflict scenarios.
Economic relations between Japan and South Korea are deteriorating, as Japan has announced some onerous trading rules on South Korean importers. The roots of the dispute are historical, not economic, as South Korea has argued that Japan has reneged on some of its promises concerning apologies and restitution for its conduct during the occupation of Korea from 1910-1945. The dispute will affect the trade of semiconductors and other technologies that are integral to the global supply chain. So the dispute, if it escalates, will quickly spill over into the economies of many other states. The current US-China trade dispute has weakened the strong norms against tariffs, and the US is now considering actions against Vietnam which has benefited from producers shifting from China to Vietnam because of the tariffs.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak of the Ebola virus in central Africa to be a “public health emergency of international concern.” The designation comes after a case of Ebola was found in the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Central Africa is currently experiencing the second-largest outbreak of the virus in recent years. The largest outbreak was in West Africa in 2014-16 with more than 28,600 cases and 11,325 deaths. The declaration is being made because Goma is a large city and an important transit point and the possibilities for spreading the virus has increased dramatically without strong intervention. The virus has been located in rural areas of Congo that have been troubled by extreme violence which has made containing the outbreak very difficult.
“Turkey was set to buy about 100 of the Lockheed Martin-built F-35s and its pilots have been training in the United States. The pilot training program is set to end at the end of July if Turkey went ahead with the S-400 sale, according to a letter from the Pentagon last month.
“Turkey also manufactures more than 900 parts for the F-35, and the Pentagon will have to find an alternative among other partners on the multinational program. That could cause significant delays in the program, according to Soner Cagaptay, the director of the Turkish Research Program at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy.”
Vali Nasr has written a short article for The Atlantic on how China is filling the vacuum in Iran created by the Trump Administration. As many companies, both in the US and Europe, pull out of their investments in Iran to avoid US sanctions, China and its companies are moving in. Moreover, the US strategy is pressuring India, which has cultivated many economic ties to Iran, to leave the country. China’s strategy is risky because it runs the risk of additional US sanctions, but it seems clear that China believes that Iran is worth the risk. Iran has a large, well-educated population and sits in one of the most strategic locations in the Middle East. It is an open question whether the Trump Administration itself can risk alienating China even more given that the trade war has made the US-China relationship quite fragile.
The US and South Korea have announced that they will be conducting joint military exercises in August. North Korea regards this move as a violation of the agreement reached by US President Trump and North Korean leader Kim last year in Singapore in which North Korea agreed to suspend bomb and missile testing in exchange for a cessation in military exercises. The US is in a very difficult situation. North Korea has made no steps toward denuclearization, but suspending the military exercises places the US-South Korea in jeopardy. How long can the US leave the South Korean alliance hanging before there are some tangible results from the cessation? If, however, North Korea resumes testing, President Trump will feel obliged to respond somehow. President Trump may think that he is not bound by his statements to US citizens, but he may find out that leaders of other states have a different understanding of how important credibility actually is.
Over the weekend, US President Trump tweeted some highly offensive and inappropriate comments about four Congresswomen: Reps. Ayanna Pressley (Mass.), Rashida Tlaib (Mich.), Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (N.Y.) and Ilhan Omar (Minn.). The Express summarizes the content of those tweets:
“US President Donald Trump has relaunched his attack on four Democratic congresswomen of colour, accusing them of ‘hating our country’. During a heated news conference outside the White House, Mr Trump said: ‘If you are not happy, if you are complaining all the time, you can leave. These are people that in my opinion hate our country.’ The latest attack on the congresswomen came after the US President called on the women, who are from ethnically diverse backgrounds to ‘go back’ to the ‘crime-infested places from which they came’”.
“During Monday’s news conference, Mr Trump also said: ‘As far as I’m concerned if you hate our country, if you’re not happy here, you can leave.
“’You can leave right now. I don’t know who’s going to miss ‘em.’”
The tweets and comments are like nothing I have ever heard from any public official in my lifetime. They are unfortunately the words of some Americans throughout American history but, fortunately, words that most Americans consider to be inconsistent with the highest aspirations of the nation.
Americans will have to decide how they wish to address the fact that the US President does not share or even comprehend the most fundamental values of the country. But foreign leaders have weighed in on the matter, and their assessment of the President’s words is truly extraordinary. Even though there have been many times when other countries have strongly disagreed with American foreign policy, their leaders have always been careful not to personalize the disagreements. In this particular case, the heads of many European states have stated strong condemnations of President Trump’s language. It is safe to say that many of the most important US allies no longer consider the US to be the leader of liberal values in the world.
MIT’s Technology Review has a very short article which suggests that global spending on renewable energy sources is slowing dramatically. According to the report:
“Worldwide funding of clean-energy projects fell to its lowest level in six years, in a staggering blow to the battle against climate change.
“The findings: BloombergNEF found that global investments in solar, wind, and other clean energy sources added up to $117.6 billion during the first half of 2019, a 14% decline from the same period last year and the lowest six-month figure since 2013.
“China saw a 39% drop in investments, as the nation eases up on its aggressive solar subsidies to get costs under control. But spending also declined 6% in the US and 4% in Europe, part because of policies that are being phased out and weak demand for additional energy generation in mature markets.
The US has tried very hard to assure that its sanctions against the sale of Iranian oil are universal. It has threatened to sanction any state or company that purchases Iranian oil, even if those states do not agree with the US policy of “maximum pressure”. By and large, most entities have decided that the US market is more important to them than Iranian oil and have grudgingly gone along with the US sanctions. But China seems to be purchasing Iranian oil which creates a serious problem for the US. Sanctioning China would jeopardize the trade talks that are going on, as well as a number of other issues about which the US and China disagree. Politico reports:
“But Beijing is a tougher customer. In June, a tanker carrying up to a million barrels of Iranian oil docked near the Chinese port city of Qingdao, drawing complaints from Republican lawmakers, who demanded the Trump administration pressure China to stop. China has also reportedly welcomed a second batch of Iranian oil since its previous waiver expired in May — this one a 2-million barrel shipment that docked in Tianjin.
“China’s continuing defiance would seem to undercut the Trump administration’s claim that its efforts to squeeze Iran are working. In a recent speech, national security adviser John Bolton announced that ‘all significant reduction exceptions on Iranian oil sales have gone to zero.’”
World Politics News 