Israel and the Palestinian Authority–including Hamas and the Islamic Jihad–have agreed to an indefinite cease-fire. The agreement ends 7 weeks of fighting and several broken truces. Israel and Egypt have agreed to open up several border crossings and to allow greater humanitarian supplies to enter Gaza. Other issues are to be picked up later on, allowing this cease fire to settle in before more contentious matters are negotiated. Several hard-line members of Prime Minister Netanyahu’s cabinet voiced serious opposition to the cease-fire, but it appears as if this one will be more effective than the previous attempts.
The leader of Boko Haram, Abubakar Shekau, has announced the creation of an Islamic Caliphate in the Nigerian northeastern city of Gwoza. Boko Haram has been operating for years in Nigeria, and is responsible for many acts of violence in support of its desire to create an Islamic state in Nigeria’s north. In July Shekau had voiced support for the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq, but there has been no reciprocal acknowledgement from the Middle Eastern Caliphate. The Nigerian military strongly disputes that Boko Haram is in control of the city, but the military has not been able to exercise authority in the region for quite some time.
A leaked report from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) contains the following conclusion:
“Without additional mitigation, and even with adaptation, warming by the end of the 21st century will lead to high to very high risk of severe, widespread, and irreversible impacts globally.”
The situation is indeed dire because the IPCC thinks that this conclusion is foregone, and that even major changes in greenhouse gas emissions right now will not avert a catastrophe by the end of this century. We will have to wait for the complete report to assess the validity of the conclusion.
The New York Times is reporting that Egypt and the United Arab Emirates secretly bombed jihadist sites in Libya. There is no secret that both countries fear the radical elements in the movement, but the attacks occurred without any warning to the prime ally of both countries–the US. The fact that these countries felt free to implement a rather dangerous foreign policy without US backing is testimony to the growing preception in the world that the US matters less in world affairs. We typically take examples from actions taken by countries opposed to the US to make this point (the implicit argument is a variation of the “Munich” analogy). But US allies have increasingly taken actions without consulting the US, or actions that tend to undermine American interests (Saudi Arabia and Israel are prime examples).
The American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) is one of the most powerful lobbying group in American politics, but relatively little is known about how the Committee works. Connie Bruck has written an essay on AIPAC for the New Yorker magazine, and outlines many of its positions and lobbying techniques. The intersection between domestic and foreign policy is dramatically illustrated by the activities of AIPAC.
The French Economic Minister, Arnaud Montebourg, has resigned from the French government, citing his disapproval of President Hollande’s support for austerity policies. Prime Minister Manuel Valls is trying to construct a new cabinet to support the government, but Montebourg’s resignation reflects strong domestic opposition to French economic policy. French economic growth was a tepid 0.1% in the second quarter of 2014. The French have abandoned the deficit reduction goals set by the European Union, a move that will likely lead Spain and Italy to drop similar goals.
On Friday, Lithuania requested a meeting of the UN Security Council to discuss the Russian humanitarian aid convoy into Ukraine. Lithuania, a member of the Council, was obviously concerned about what it regarded as Russian intrusion into the internal affairs of Ukraine, and was supported by the Western powers on the Council. The Russians countered by charging that Western powers were unconcerned about the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine (about 2,000 people have died as Kyiv has tried to regain the territory held by the separatists), adding that the West had created the crisis in the first place. The charges and counter-charges are indicative of the controversial nature of humanitarian missions. We should remember, however, that the Russians have vetoed 4 resolutions to send aid to Syria, even though 191,000 people have died in that civil war. Consistency is not a high priority for the great powers.
In addition to the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa which so far has affected 2,615 people (claiming 1,427 lives), the Democratic Republic of Congo has now identified two cases of the Ebola virus. Congo has had 7 outbreaks of Ebola since it was first identified in 1976 near the Ebola river. The outbreak has led to quarantine and travel bans, inflicting great economic damage to Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia. The outbreak is clearly not yet under control and not nearly enough aid is being sent to the region whose countries lack the resources and infrastructure to deal with it.
China has announced that it intends to develop its own computer operating system to compete with Western systems such as Windows and Apple and Google’s operating systems. The move is clearly designed to help China avoid dependence on Western systems which it suspects are Trojan horses for Western spies. Additionally, a homegrown operating system would be far cheaper and perhaps more intuitive for the huge Chinese market. We shall have to see how successful the project is: on the one hand, China will be able to avoid many of the mistakes made by Western manufacturers. On the other hand, operating systems are devilishly complex.
Pressure is growing on the US to expand its activities against the Islamic State into Syria. The IS has well-established bases in northern and eastern Syria, and as long as its bases there are untroubled, there is little chance that progress can be made in defusing the threat it poses to Iraq. President Obama’s problem is that US foreign policy in the region is contradictory: it supports the Iraqi government but opposes the Syrian government, both of which oppose the IS. Obama should be following the balance of power maxim, “The enemy of my enemy is my friend.” But it would be hard for Obama to ally the US with a Syrian government that has killed about 191,000 Syrians in the civil war.
Apparently, the truck convoy left Ukraine and returned to Russia. There was no confrontation with Ukrainian forces, and the response from the West remains unclear. RT, a media outlet that closely reflects Russian policy, gives the Russian side of the debate, raising some important issues about humanitarian intervention. Given that we have no accurate or independent information about the contents of the humanitarian convoy, it is hard to assess whether the Russian side is persuasive.
Fighting has resumed in the Gaza Strip, as the peace negotiations yielded nothing but additional animosity between Israel and the Palestinians. Indeed, tensions have actually heightened as the Palestinian Authority announced that Hamas had agreed to terms to pursue membership in the International Criminal Court. Israel does not believe that it can get a fair hearing at the ICC, and the political damage to US-Israeli relations from a negative ruling would be immense.
Economic conditions in Europe continue to be highly troubling. Virtually every country, including Germany, has seen slowing growth, even as the overall European economy has yet to recover from the Great Recession of 2008-09. Indeed, looking at the single index of economic growth, Europe’s growth rate is significantly worse than its recovery from the Great Depression of the 1930s. Many economists are beginning to worry that it will take at least a decade for Europe to recover fully from the current economic slowdown.
The Washington Post has an interesting article on how the rest of the world views the protests in Ferguson, Missouri. Appropriately, most outside observers emphasize the issue of race and its unresolved status in American society. Not surprisingly, few of the articles use the US protests as a mirror of their own societies which are also plagued by racism (the Russian criticism is particularly hypocritical). To my surprise, however, few of the articles focus on the economic issues underlying the problems in Ferguson, nor do they link the protests in Ferguson to other protests that are going on the world today. There are many threads that unite the Ferguson protests to the Arab Spring and the protests in Europe against austerity. But there is one big, incontrovertible difference between the US and the rest of the world:
About 130 Russian trucks carrying humanitarian assistance have entered Ukrainian territory. The trucks entered without Red Cross approval and the Obama Administration threatened Russia with additional sanctions. The move places the Ukrainian government with a difficult choice: it can do nothing and allow the Russians to fortify the separatists, or it can use force to evict the Russian trucks giving Russia a pretext for war. This chess match is moving toward some sort of end game.
A recent report based on US Census data indicates how seriously the average American family has been hurt by the slow recovery from the Great Recession of 2008-09. The report found that median incomes in the US have declined by 3.1%: “median household income was $53,891, down from $55,589 in inflation-adjusted dollars when the economic expansion began in June 2009.” The report also found that the sharpest drop-off in incomes has occurred in families with three or more children. So even though the stock market has experienced one of the sharpest rises in its history over the same period, it does not appear as if that wealth has trickled-down.
US Army general Martin Dempsey, chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, gave a press briefing which described the threat posed by the Islamic State in apocalyptic terms. The US has launched more than 90 airstrikes against the Islamic State in Iraq in the past week, and Dempsey said that it could be “contained” for a while but not in perpetuity. The language matches the words used by President Obama and Secretary of State Kerry, and it seems clear that the US now regards the IS as an imminent strategic threat. We have heard such language before about al-Qaida after 11 September 2001. We should probably prepare ourselves for an increase in US anti-terrorist activity, both domestic and international.
Navi Pillay, the UN human rights chief, strongly criticized the UN Security Council for its failures in stopping conflicts in the world. At the end of her term, she identified the Council’s willingness to allow national interests to trump human rights concerns as the main cause of many of the conflicts that have taken so many lives in recent years. Most recently, Pillay was sharply critical of what she called war crimes committed by Israel in the Gaza Strip.
George Will, the noted and controversial conservative columnist, has published an op-ed piece in the Washington Post that confirms that Richard Nixon, as a Presidential candidate in 1968, committed treason. Documents from the Johnson Administration indicate that Nixon persuaded South Vietnam to not pursue the peace negotiations started by President Johnson in order to prevent the Democrats from winning the 1968 presidential election. If the peace negotiations had succeeded, the Vietnam War could have ended in 1968, and hundreds of thousand Vietnamese and tens of thousands Americans would not have been killed. Will quotes a wiretapped message from the South Vietnamese Embassy in Washington. Anna Chennault was Nixon’s representative to the South Vietnamese government:
On Nov. 2 at 8:34 p.m., a teleprinter at Johnson’s ranch delivered an FBI report on the embassy wiretap: Chennault had told South Vietnam’s ambassador “she had received a message from her boss (not further identified). . . . She said the message was that the ambassador is to ‘hold on, we are gonna win.’ ”
Nixon’s treachery is breathtaking. He was willing to sabotage peace in order to win the election.
Paul Krugman has written an op-piece for the New York Times which points out the high cost of modern war, and raises the question of why states would commence such an economically losing proposition. Krugman suffers from the typical analytic problem of a macroeconomist. It is true that an economy on the whole loses in modern war. But, on a microeconomic level certain entities–corporations and individuals–profit immensely from war. The real question is how these small entities have the ability to persuade a society to lose money on their behalf.
Chinese troops have entered about 25 kms into Indian territory in the Burtse area in Ladakh. Chinese troops did the same incursion in April 2013 which led to a tense stand-off between China and India. The actual dividing line between China and India is disputed, and the previous confrontation was resolved peacefully. But India has a new Prime Minister now, and Modi has made Hindu nationalism a key feature of his administration. We’ll have to see if Modi handles the matter differently than Singh.
This weekend marks the 974th anniversary of the death of King Duncan I of Scotland by Macbeth. Shakespeare took many liberties with the actual history, but the background to the death remains essentially correct. But Shakespeare portrays Duncan as elderly and wise, whereas he was quite young and not particularly distinguished. In fact, his nickname was An t-Ilgarach, “the Diseased” or “the Sick”. He led an army into Moray, Macbeth’s stronghold, in 1040, and he was killed in action at Bothnagowan by the men of Moray.
King Duncan I of Scotland
Macbeth
Egypt, Israel, and the Palestinian Authority are facing a midnight deadline for the peace negotiations. The report is that Egypt has presented an 11-point proposal to the two sides that includes “an opening of border crossings with Gaza, coordination with the West Bank-based Palestinian Authority to rebuild the territory and a commitment by militants to stop building tunnels to attack Israel”. Apparently there is not much optimism that the negotiations will be successfully concluded. But, as is the case with most negotiations, it is difficult to tell whether the sides are deliberately engaging in a game of brinksmanship in order to induce concessions.
35 refugees from Afghanistan were found trapped inside a cargo container in Great Britain. The refugees were clearly trying to escape from desperate conditions, and made arrangements with people who were more than willing to take their money without providing any security. Refugees are some of the most vulnerable people in the world, and there are few states that attempt to protect them from the hazards of flight. There are more than 50 million refugees in the world today, and about half of them are children.
Clemens Wergin is the Washington bureau chief for the German newspaper group Die Welt and he has written an op-ed piece for the New York Timeson American attitudes toward the US role in world affairs. He questions whether the US has the will to actively manage global affairs. He uses an interesting phrase to describe the US role after World War II–the leader of an “empire by consent.” He laments the possible loss of the elite consensus in the US about how to protect American interests defined in terms of the global interest.
Ukraine has destroyed a number of vehicles in the Russian aid convoy as they crossed into Ukrainian territory. The Ukrainian government claimed that a number of Russian military vehicles preceded the aid convoy and were destroyed by artillery fire. The aid has not entered Ukrainian territory because the International Red Cross has not yet finalized the terms by which it can enter Ukrainian territory and the terms of its distribution. The Russian Foreign Ministry denied that any Russian vehicles entered Ukrainian territory and dismissed the claims as fantasy.
There have been reports of escalating violence in the northwest province of Xinjiang in China. The largest ethnic group in the province, the Uighurs, are growing increasingly restless under the control of the Beijing central government which is dominated primarily by ethnic Han Chinese. The Uighurs believe (as do the Tibetans) that their cultural identity is being lost and that they are being exploited in an essentially colonialist relationship. The relationship falls into a classic dependency framework, and it is unlikely that the Beijing government will change its policies as long as it feels threatened by the non-Han identity of the Uighurs.
